Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a complex and life-threatening condition that significantly affects the lungs’ ability to provide adequate oxygen to the body’s tissues. ARDS typically arises in response to various triggers such as severe infections, trauma, or inflammation, causing a sudden and severe disruption in lung function. The hallmark of ARDS is the accumulation of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs (alveoli), leading to inflammation, impaired gas exchange, and reduced oxygen levels in the bloodstream. This results in breathing difficulties, rapid and shallow breathing, and an increased need for mechanical ventilation to assist with breathing. The pathophysiology of ARDS involves a cascade of events. Initially, an injury triggers an inflammatory response within the lung tissue. This inflammation damages the delicate lining of the alveoli, leading to increased permeability of their walls. As a result, fluid leaks from blood vessels into the alveoli, impairing the lungs’ ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. The affected lung regions become less compliant, making breathing laborious and inefficient. ARDS is often diagnosed based on clinical criteria, such as the presence of respiratory symptoms, chest imaging showing bilateral opacities, and impaired oxygen levels. Its severity is classified based on a grading scale that considers the ratio of oxygen levels in the arterial blood to the fraction of inspired oxygen. Management of ARDS involves addressing its underlying causes while providing supportive care. Mechanical ventilation with strategies aimed at protecting lung tissue, such as low tidal volume ventilation, is a cornerstone of treatment. Additionally, interventions to maintain fluid balance, nutritional support, and addressing any infections or triggering factors are essential.
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