Abstract
The curse of heavy metals contamination in groundwaters of Punjab state is an obvious source of health hazards for the population of Punjab. According to the data compiled by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the total number of villages affected by heavy metal contamination is 2420 in India, out of which 2139 (88%) fall in Punjab state. This shows an alarming situation and an environmental crisis waiting for Punjab. Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) of Punjab Government has conducted a groundwater survey of entire Punjab under the World Bank funded project “Toward Managing Rural Drinking Water Quality in the State of Punjab, India” to determine heavy metal contamination of groundwater. Our analysis pertaining to heavy metals, such as Uranium, Arsenic, Selenium, Mercury, Iron, Nickel, Cadmium, Chromium, and Lead in groundwaters of Punjab, is based on DWSS World Bank Project data.

Punjab state is further divided into three geographical areas, known as Majha, Malwa, and Doaba. Our investigations reveal that Malwa districts, known as the ‘Cancer belt’ of Punjab, have all Uranium content higher than the WHO safe limit of 30 ppb in water. Arsenic and Selenium contamination is abundant in Majha and Doaba districts, respectively. Ferozepur district in Malwa is a “Hot Spot” of Mercury contamination. Nickel and Cadmium are both equally rampant in Punjab with concentration variation from 0.02 mg/l to 0.947 mg/l and 0.003 mg/l to 0.162 mg/l, respectively. Almost 80% villages with chromium concentration higher than WHO limit fall in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab. Lead is highly toxic and its concentration in groundwater above the WHO safe limit has been found in 708 villages with a variation from 0.010 mg/l to 0.479 mg/l.

Heavy metal toxicity in water can result in various health hazards which are well documented. Long-term exposure may result in slowly progressing physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative processes that mimic Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, muscular dystrophy, and multiple sclerosis. DWSS of Punjab is involved in mitigation strategies to reduce the heavy metals content below the WHO limits. Presently, DWSS has opted for the supply of Canal water to all households in Punjab, which is the most economical source of drinking water, and also free of heavy metal contamination.

Biography
Prof. Hardev Singh Virk was born in Kamoke, district Gujranwala (now in Pakistan) on 23rd Feb. 1942. He received his M.Sc. in Physics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (1963) and Doctorate in Nuclear Physics from Marie Curie University, Paris (France) in 1972. He served in Punjabi University, Patiala (1965-79) and Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (1979-2002). His research interests are manifold: Nuclear & Radiation Physics; Geochronology; Earthquakes & Environment; Ion Tracks & Nanotechnology; History & Philosophy of Science; Sikh Religion and Punjabi Literature.

Professor Virk retired from Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar in June 2002 after serving as Director Research and Dean Academic Affairs. He was re-employed as Director Research, DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jalandhar (2008-2011); Adjunct Professor, Akal University, Baru Sahib (2010-till date); Visiting Professor, SGGS World University, Fatehgarh Sahib (2013-17); and Professor of Eminence, Punjabi University, Patiala (2017-19).

Professor Virk has published 475 research papers in national & international journals; 45 books and 150 articles on Science Education & Science Policy in India. He has presented his Research Papers and Invited Talks in 100 National and 70 International Conferences in 50 countries. He is a globe trotter. He is recipient of several awards, viz., Senior Associateship of International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy (1988-93); Shiromani   Award   as   Best   Writer   of   Scientific Literature in Punjabi awarded by the Punjab State Languages Department (1993); Honourable Mention Award of Templeton Foundation (USA) for a Project on Global Perspectives of Science & Sikh Religion (2005); and FRAY International Sustainability Award by FLOGEN Stars Outreach (2022). Presently, he is Professor of Eminence (Honorary), SGGS World University, Fatehgarh Sahib (India).

Abstract
Exurban expansion can degrade significantly stream water quality. This study was conducted on Rock Creek of the Clark’s Fork of the Yellowstone River in southcentral Montana, USA. The impact from recent exurban expansion was evaluated by a baseline study measuring total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and nitrites (NO₂) and nitrates (NO₃) together. This was part of a larger study by Montana Department of Environmental Quality to assess water quality, identify sources of pollution and develop total maximum daily loads (TMDL). Water samples were measured for these analytes at nine (2022) and 11 (2023) locations with different land-uses over seven periods (both years). Seasonal spikes, corresponding to runoff (2022, late May), occurred in TSS, TP and TN. Data from 2023 showed similar but reduced levels occurring in June for TSS and TP. Total suspended solids, TP, NO₂ and NO₃ concentrations increased by location year over year, 2022 to 2023. The high relative concentrations of NO₂ and NO₃ in Rock Creek are primarily associated with exurban expansion, a significant threat to stream quality and wildlife habitat in Montana. The results will assist county planners in land use decisions.

Biography
Dr. David received his Ph.D. from New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. He completed post-doc research at the University of Louisiana in neurotoxicology. He has pursued research in riparian and desert ecosystems in Arizona and currently involved in riparian water quality work in Montana. David is retired from the U.S. Government.

Abstract
Public perceptions on climate change is a paramount component in developing and conceiving mitigation and adaptation strategies towards climate change. An understanding of public perceptions on climate change may assist decision-makers in producing appropriate strategies to ameliorate the impacts of climate change. The aim of this study is to quantify public sentiment by examining the polarity of the public sentiments through sentiment analysis and corpus-driven approaches. A part of a specialised corpus namely the Malaysian Diachronic Climate Change Corpus (MyDCCC) was developed from an online newspaper published in Malaysia, and this data was used in the present study. Azure Machine Learning software was used to conduct the sentiment analysis in order to explore the polarity of public sentiments, while corpus- driven approach was employed to identify the sentiment lexicon. The analysis began with sentiment analysis approach to categorise the news articles into two sub-corpora; the negative sentiment sentiment and the positive sentiment. Positive and negative sentiment words were identified by matching the wordlists generated for each sub-corpus with the MPQA Subjectivity Lexicon. The results indicated that the majority of public sentiments were negative. From 59 news articles, 53 words were identified as negative sentiment, with an average polarity score of 0.056 and an overall polarity percentage of 90%. In contrast, only six words were identified as positive sentiment, with an average polarity score of 0.897 and an overall polarity percentage of 10%.The findings suggest that the public is reasonably aware of climate change, though their sentiments are predominantly negative. This negative stance is largely influenced by public dissatisfaction with how decision-makers are handling climate change issues. Paradoxically, these negative sentiments may serve as an indicator for decision-makers to improve their approach to addressing climate change. In conclusion, this study significantly contributes to research on public perceptions of climate change in the Malaysian context. It offers valuable insights for decision-makers, as understanding public sentiment can enhance their strategies to positively influence societal perceptions of climate change issues.

Biography
Prod. Nor Fariza Mohd Nor, is an Associate Professor at the Center of Research for Language and Linguistics, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia (UKM). She received her Ph.D in Applied Linguistics from University of Malaya, and Master degree in English for Specific Purpose from the University of Warwick, U.K. Her Bachelor (Hons) degree is in Modern English Language and Education, from the University of Lancaster, U.K. Nor Fariza is a prolific writer and an active researcher, with her primary research interests encompassing media discourse and critical discourse studies. Her work includes analyses of the Malaysian Hansard corpus, as well as newspapers and social media corpora. She has published over 60 peer-reviewed papers, books, book chapters, and technical reports, and serves as a peer reviewer for high-impact journals such as PLOS ONE, SAGE Open, and Taylor & Francis. She has participated in 40 research projects within her areas of expertise. As a project leader, she has secured several international and national grants from various funding agencies, totaling nearly €70,000. She is currently engaged in multiple research projects with a strong focus on climate change, media linguistics, and the application of AI in teaching and learning. Her research in media linguistics employs sentiment analysis, corpus linguistics and word embedding techniques to capture sentiment analysis, collocations and the semantic meanings of words and their associations. The overarching aim of her research is to link language to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in a way that benefits society.